Hebrews

Origin

The Hebrews are a Semitic people, originating from Mesopotamia, who migrated to the region of Canaan (modern-day Israel and Palestine) around the second millennium B.C. It is believed that their origins trace back to the biblical patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, with Abraham being considered the founding father, following God's call to leave Ur and settle in Canaan.

Location and State

The Hebrew people settled in Canaan, a strategic region between Egypt and Mesopotamia. Throughout history, the Hebrews lived in different political states, from nomadic tribes to the formation of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Later, they were subjected to conquests by empires such as the Babylonian and the Roman, resulting in dispersions known as diasporas.

Education

Hebrew education was deeply religious, centered on the Torah (the first five books of the Bible). Learning began at home, where parents, especially fathers, had the responsibility to teach religious principles, morality, and traditions. Children learned to read and write primarily to be able to study the Scriptures. Education was a spiritual duty, and the teachings of the Torah guided all aspects of life.

Culture

The culture of the Hebrews was rich and rooted in their religious beliefs. Their cultural practices included celebrations of religious festivals, such as Passover (Pesach), which commemorated the liberation from Egypt, and Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. Music and poetry were important cultural expressions, reflected in the Psalms and the songs that were part of worship and festivities.

Family

The family was the central core of Hebrew society. The patriarch (father) was the authority figure, responsible for the sustenance and religious education of the family. Lineage was passed down through the paternal side, and marriage was considered a sacred institution. Respect for parents and elders was a fundamental value, and the family structure was essential for the preservation of traditions and Hebrew identity.

Work

The work of the Hebrews varied according to the time and location. In biblical times, most were involved in agriculture and pastoralism. They cultivated wheat, barley, grapes, and olives, and raised sheep and goats. Artisans, such as carpenters, stonemasons, and weavers, also played important roles in the economy. Over time, trade became a significant activity, especially in urban areas.

Religion

Hebrew religion was monotheistic, centered on the worship of Yahweh, the one God. The Hebrews were among the first peoples to adopt monotheism, contrasting with neighboring peoples who worshiped multiple gods. Religious practices included sacrifices, prayers, and the observance of detailed laws, such as those given to Moses on Mount Sinai. Religion guided all aspects of life, from social justice to dietary laws, according to the dietary laws (kashrut).

Conclusion

The Hebrews were an influential civilization, whose faith, culture, and traditions shaped much of the religious and ethical thought of the Western world. Their contributions in areas such as religion, legislation, and morality continue to resonate, and their legacy is kept alive through Judaism and the history of Israel.

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